Organic substance stabilized with amino-substituted polycyclic heterocyclic inhibitor



United States Patent AESTRACT OF THE DISCLQSURE Stabilization of organic substances against deterioration by means of certain amino substituted polycyclic heterocyclic compounds such as 3-(N-cyclohexylamino)- phenoxazine and Z-(N-isopropylamino) -phenothiazine and amino-substituted phenazines.

This is a division of copending application Ser. No. 428,877, filed Jan. 28, 1965, and relates to the stabilization of organic substances and more particularly to a novel method of preventing deterioration of the organic substance during storage and/or use. In most organic substances the deterioration is due primarily to oxidation reactions. In many organic substances the deterioration also may be due to heat, radiation or mechanical processes. In some organic substances as, for example, plastics, deterioration also is caused by ultraviolet light absorption. Regardless of the source thereof, deterioration of the organic substance is retarded and/or prevented by the novel method of the present invention.

Stabilization of the organic substance is accomplished in accordance with the present invention by incorporating therein a particular additive. In one embodiment the organic substance is a hydrocarbon distillate. Illustrative hydrocarbon distillates include gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel, solvent, fuel oil, burner oil, range oil, diesel oil, marine oil, turbine oil, cutting oil, rolling oil, soluble oil, drawing oil, slushing oil, lubricating oil, fingerprint remover, wax, fat, grease, etc. Still other organic substances which undergo deterioration due to oxidation include synthetic oils as, for example, synthetic lubricating oils, which comprise one or a mixture of aliphatic esters, polyalkylene oxides, silicones, esters of phosphoric and silicic acids, highly fluorine-substituted hydrocarbons, etc. Of the aliphatic esters, di-(Z-cthylhexyl) sebacate is being used on a comparatively large commercial scale. Other aliphatic esters include dialkyl azelates, dialkyl suberates, dialkyl pimelates, dia kyl adipates, dialkyl glutarates, etc. Specific examples of these esters include dihexyl azelate, di-(2- ethylhexyl) azelate, di-3,5,5-trimethylhexyl glutarate, di- 3,5,5-trimethylpcntyl glutarate, di-(Z-ethylhexyl) pimelate, di-(Z-ethylhexyl) adipate, triamyl tricarballylate, pentaerythritol tetracaproate, dipropylene glycol dipelargonate, LS-pentanediol-di-(Z-ethylhexanonate), etc. The polyalkylene oxides and derivatives include polyisopropylene oxide, polyisopropylene oxide diether, polyisopropylene oxide diester, etc. The silicones include methyl silicones, methylphenyl silicones, etc., and the silicates include, for example, tetraisooctyl silicate, diphenyl di-ndodecyl silane, octadecyl tri-n-decyl silane, polysilylmethylenes, various silane mixtures, silicone-ester blends, etc. The highly fiuorinated hydrocarbons include fiuorinated oil, perfiuorohydrocarbons, etc.

Additional synthetic lubricating oils include 1) neopentyl glycol esters in which the ester group contains from three to twelve carbon atoms or more, and particularly neopentyl glyCOl propionates, neopentyl glycol butyrates, neopentyl glycol caproates, neopentyl glycol caprylates,

ice

neopentyl glycol pelargonates, etc., (2) trimethylol alkanes, such as trimethylol ethane, trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, trimethylol pentane, trimethylol hexane, trimethylol heptane, trimethylol octane, trimethylol decane, trimethylol undecane, trimethylol dodecane, etc., as well as the esters thereof and particularly triesters in which the ester portions each contain from three to twelve carbon atoms and may be selected from those hereinbefore specifically set forth in connection with the discussion of the neopentyl glycol esters, and (3) tricresylphosphate, trioctylphosphate, trinonylphosphate, tridecylphosphate, as well as mixed aryl and alkyl phosphates, etc.

Still another organic substance which undergoes deterioration in storage and/ or during use is grease. In one method the grease is prepared by compositing a metallic soap with lubricating oil, which oil may be of petroleum origin or synthetically prepared. The grease is classified as lithium base grease, sodium base grease, strontium base grease, aluminum base grease, barium complex grease, calcium complex grease, sodium-calcium grease, calcium-lead grease, etc. The grease also may contain thickening agents such as silica, carbon black, talc, organic modified bentonite, etc., polyacrylates, amides, polyamides, aluminum imides, phthalocyanines, oxanilides, complex aromatic imides and amides, hydantoin derivatives, benzidine dyes, aryl ureas, methyl N-n-octadecyl terephthalamate, etc. Another type of grease is prepared from oxidized petroleum Wax, to which the saponifiable base is combined with the proper amount of the desired saponifying agent, and the resultant mixture processed to produce a grease. Other types of greases in which the features of the present invention are usable include petroleum grease, whale grease, wool grease, etc., and those mad from inedible fats, tallow, butchers Waste, etc.

Another organic substance which undergoes deterioration due to oxidation, U.V. absorption, etc., is plastic. In one embodiment the plastic is a polyolefin including polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, mixed ethylenepropylene polymers, mixed ethylene butylene polymers, mixed ethylene-propylene-butylene polymers, etc. The solid olefin polymers are used in many applications including electrical insulation, lightweight outdoor furniture, awnings, fibers, etc. Another plastic is polystyrene, which is particularly useful in the manufacture of molded or machined articles. Still another class of plastics is vinyl resin which is derived from monomers such as vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, etc., such plastic including polyvinyl chloride, copolymers of vinyl chloride with acrylonit-rile, methacrylonitrile, vinylidene chloride, alkyl acrylates, alkyl mcthacrylates, alkyl maleates, alkyl fumarates, polyvinyl butyral, etc., or mixtures thereof. Still other plastics include polycarbonates, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, acryloid plastics, polyacetals, linear or cross-linked polyesters, etc. Still other plastics are in the textile class and include nylon (polyamide), Perlon L or 6-nylon (polyamide), Dacron (terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol), Orlon (polyacrylonitrile), Dynel (copolymer of acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride), Acrilan (polyacrylonitrile modified with vinyl acetate), saran (copolymer of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride), rayon, etc.

Another organic substance which undergoes deterioration due to oxidation is rubber, which may be synthetically prepared or naturally occurring. Synthetic rubbers include SBR rubber (copolymer of butadiene and styrene), Buna N (copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile), butyl rubber (copolymer of butadiene and isobutylene), neoprene rubber (chloroprene polymer), Thiokol rubber (polysulfide), silicone rubber, etc. The natural rubbers include hevea rubber, cautchouc, balata, gutta percha, etc.

The above are illustrative examples of organic substances which undergo detcrioration due to oxygen, U.V.

absorption, etc. It is understood that the novel process of the present invention also may be used with other organic substances which undergo such deterioration.

In one embodiment the present invention relates to a method of stabilizing an organic substance against deterioration which comprises incorporating therein a stabilizing concentration of an amino-substituted polycyclic heterocyclic inhibitor of the following general formula:

where N is nitrogen, X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and R, R and R" are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and hydrocarbyl.

In a specific embodiment the present invention relates to a method of stabilizing lubricating oil against oxidative r deterioration which comprises incorporating therein a stabilizing concentration of B-(N-cyclohexylamino)-phenoxazine.

In another specific embodiment the present invention relates to a method of stabilizing rubber against oxidative deterioration which comprises incorporating therein a stabilizing concentration of 2-(N isopropylamino} phenothiazine.

Some additives of the present invention are novel compositions of matter and are being so claimed herein.

Referring to the general formula hereinbefore set forth, where X is oxygen, the inhibitor of the present invention is an amino-substituted phenoxazine. When R, R and R" are hydrogen atoms, the compound is aminophenoxazine and, While this compound may be used as an additive in accordance with the present invention, a preferred additive is obtained when R is hydrogen and at least one of R and R" is a hydrocarbon group. Particularly preferred additives in this embodiment comprise compounds in which R and R are hydrogen and R is an alkyl group of from one and preferably from 3 to about 20 carbon atoms or a cycloalkyl group and preferably cyclohexyl. Illustrative preferred compounds in this embodiment include 3- (N-isopropylamino -phenoxazine,

3- N-sec-butylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-sec-pentylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-sec-hexylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-sec-heptylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-sec-octylamino) -phenoxazine,

3- (N-sec-nonylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-sec-decylamino) -phenoxazine,

3- (N-sec-undecylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-sec-dodecylamino -phenoxazine, etc., 3- (N-cyclohexylamino -phenoxazine, etc.

Other illustrative compounds include 3- (N-methylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-ethylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-cyclopropylamino) -phenoxazine,

3- (N-cyclobutylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-cyclopentylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-cycloheptylamino -phenoxazine,

3- (N-cyclooctylamino -phenoxazine,

3 -(N-cyclononylamino -phenox azine,

3- (N-cyclodecylamino) -phenoxazine, etc.,

similarly substituted compounds in which both R and R" are hydrocarbon groups and preferably are selected from the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups hereinbefore set forth, and illustrated, for example, by compounds as 3- N,N-diisopropylamino -phenoxazine, 3- (N,N-di-sec-butylamino -phenoxazine, 3(N,N-di-sec-pentylamino -phenoxazine, 3- (N,N-di-sec-hexylamino -phenoxazine, 3- (N,N-di-sec-heptylamino -phenoxazine,

13- N,N-di-'se coctylamino -phenoxazine,

Il- N,N-di-cyclohexylamino -phenoxazine, etc.,

.lll- N-isopropyl-N-cyclohexylarnino) -phen0xazine,

3- N-sec-butyl-amino-N-cyclohexylamino phenoxazine,

etc., similar compounds in which the hydrocarbylamino group is in the l, 2 or 4 position on the ring, similar compounds containing two or more hydrocarbylamino groups attached to the same phenyl ring, similar compounds containing one or more hydrocarbylamino groups attached to both of the phenyl rings, etc. In addition to having at least one hydrocarbylamino group attached to one of the phenyl rings, it is understood that one or both of the phenyl rings also may contain other hydrocarbyl or non-hydrocarbyl substituents, the latter being selected from halogen, hydroxyl mercapto, alkoxy, alkoxyamino, and similar compounds in which R is a hydrocarbyl group and preferably is selected from the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups hereinbefore specifically set forth. While generally it is preferred that the alkyl group is of secondary configuration it is understood that the alkyl group may be of normal or tertiary configuration.

Referring again to the general formula hereinbefore set forth, where X is sulfur, the inhibitor of the present invention is an amino-substituted phenothiazine. When R, R and R" are hydrogen atoms, the compound is aminophenothiazine and, while this compound may be used as an additive in accordance with the present invention, a preferred additive is obtained when R is hydrogen and at least one of R and R" is a hydrocarbon group. Particularly preferred additives in this embodiment comprise compounds in which R and R are hydrogen and R" is an alkyl group of from one and preferably from 3 to about 20 carbon atoms or a cycloalkyl group and preferably cyclohexyl. Illustrative preferred compounds in this embodiment include 12- N-isopropylarnino -phenothiazine,

2- N-sec-butylamino) -phenothiazine,

.2- N-sec-pentylamino -phenothiazine,

2- (N-sechexylamino -phenothiazine,

1L!- (N-sec-heptylamino -phenothiazine,

l2- N-sec-octylamino -phenothiazine,

I2- (N-sec-nonylamino) -phenothiazine,

Iil- (N-sec-decylamino) -phenothiazine,

E- (N-sec-undecylamino -phenothiazine, l-(N-sec-dodecylamino)-phenothiazine, etc., lll- (N-cyclohexylamino -phenothiazine, etc.

lDther illustrative compounds include IE- N-methylamino -phenothiazine,

7!- (N-ethylamino -phenothiazine,

I2- N-cyclopropylamino -phenothiazine,

1E- N-cyclobutylamino -phenothiazine,

I2- N-cyclopentylamino -phenothiazine,

.t- (N-cycloheptylamino -phenothiazine,

1E- N-cyclooctyl amino -phenothiazine,

Ili- (N-cyclononylamino -phenothiazine,

I3.- N-cyclodecylamino -phenothiazine, etc.,

similarly substituted compounds in which both R and R" are hydrocarbon groups and preferably are selected from the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups hereinbefore set forth, and illustrated, for example, by compounds as similar compounds in which the hydrocarbylamino group 5 is in the l, 3 or 4 position on the ring, similar compounds containing two or more hydrocarbylamino groups attached to the same phenyl ring, similar compounds containing one or more hydrocarbylamino groups attached to both of the phenyl rings, etc. In addition to having at least one hydrocarbylamino group attached to one of the phenyl rings, it is understood that one or both of the phenyl rings also may contain other hydrocarbyl or nonhydrocarbyl substituents, the latter being selected from halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, alkoxy, alkoxyamino, and similar compounds in which R is a hydrocarbyl group and preferably is selected from the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups hereinbefore specifically set forth. While generally it is preferred that the alkyl group is of secondary configuration, it is understood that the alkyl group may be of normal or tertiary configuration.

Referring again to the general formula hereinbefore set forth where X is nitrogen, the inhibitor of the present invention is an amino-substituted phenazine. When R, R and R" are hydrogen atoms, the compound is aminophenazine and, while this compound may be used as an additive in accordance with the present invention, a preferred additive is obtained when R is hydrogen and at least one of R and R" is a hydrocarbon group. Particularly preferred additives in this embodiment comprise compounds in which R and R are hydrogen and R is an alkyl group of from one and preferably from 3 to about carbon atoms or a cycloalkyl group and preferably cyclohexyl. Illustrative preferred compounds in this embodiment include 2- N-isopropylamino) -phenazine, 2- N-sec-butylamino) -phenazine,

2- N-sec-pentylamino -phenazine, 2- N-sec-hexylamino -phenazine,

2- N-sec-heptylamino -phenazine, 2- Nsec-octyl amino) -phenazine,

2- N-sec-nonylamino -phenazine, 2- N-sec-decylamino -phenazine,

2- N-sec-undecylamino) -phenazine, 2- (N-sec-dodecylamino) -phenazine, 2- (N-cyclohexylamino -phenazine.

Other illustrative compounds include 2-(methylamino)-phenazine,

2- N -ethylamino -phenazine,

2- (N-cyclopropylamino -phenazine,

2- N-cyclobutylamino -phenazine,

2- N-cyclopentylamino -phenazine,

2- N-cycloheptylamino -phenazine,

2- N-cyclooctyl amine 'phenazine,

2- (N-cyclon onylamino -phenazine, Z-(N-cyclodecylamino)-phenazine, etc.,

similarly substituted compounds in which both R and R are hydrocarbon groups and preferably are selected from the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups hereinbefore set forth, and illustrated, for example, by compounds as 2- N,Ndiisopropylamino -phenazine,

2- (N,N-di-sec-butylamino -phenazine,

2- N,N-di-sec-pentylamino -phenazine,

2- (N,N-di-sec-hexylamino) -phenazine,

2- (N,N-di-sec-heptylamino) -phenazine,

2- N,N-di-sec-octylamino -phenazine,

2-(N,N-di-cyclohexylamino) -phenazine, etc.,

2- (N-isopropyl-N-cyclohexylamino -phenazine,

2- (N-sec-butylamino-N-cyclohexylamino -phenazine,

etc.,

similar compounds in which the hydrocarbylamino group is in the 1 position on the ring, similar compounds containing two or more hydrocarbylamino groups attached to the same phenyl ring, similar compounds containing one or more hydrocarbylamino groups attached to both of the phenyl rings, etc. In addition to having at least one hydrocarbylarnino group attached to one of the phenyl rings, it is understood that one or both of the phenyl rings also may contain other hydrocarbyl or nou-hydrocarbyl substituents, the latter being selected from halogen, hydroxyl mercapto, alkoxy, alkoxyamino, and similar compounds in which R is a hydrocarbyl group and preferably is selected from the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups hereinbefore specifically set forth. While generally it is preferred that the alkyl group is of secondary configuration, it is understood that the alkyl group may be of normal or tertiary configuration.

The inhibitors of the present invention may be prepared in any suitable manner. For example, 3-(N-alkylamino) phenoxazine may be prepared by first reacting orthoaminophenol with a dinitrophenyl halide, preferably 2,4-dinitrophenyl chloride, to form a dinitrophenyl hydroxyphenylamine as, for example, 2,4-dinitro-2'-hy droxydiphenylamine. This reaction is readily effected by refluxing the reactants in the presence of a suitable solvent. A satisfactory solvent is an alcohol and particularly ethanol. When the latter is used as the solvent, the refluxing temperature is of the order of C. It is understood that the refiuxing temperature will vary with the particular solvent employed. The reaction also advantageously is effected in the presence of sodium acetate or other suitable compound to accept the hydrogen chloride released in the reaction. It is understood that the aminophenol may contain substituents preferably being selected from those hereinbefore specifically set forth. Similarly, it is understood that the dinitrochlorobenzene also may contain hydrocarbyl substituents attached thereto.

The 2,4-dinitro-2'-hydr0xydiphenylamine or similar compound, prepared in the above manner, is then reacted in any suitable manner to effect ring closure. This reaction is readily effected by heating the reactant at a suitable temperature in the presence of a suitable alkali and also preferably in the presence of a solvent. For example, 2,4-dinitro-2-hydroxydiphenylamine is heated at a temperature of -l00 C. for eight hours in the presence of sodium methoxide and dimethyl sulfoxide. The resultant 3 nitro phenoxazine is recovered as a solid product and may be recrystallized from a suitable solvent in order to purify the product. The product then is subjected to reductive alkylation with a suitable ketone including,

for example, acetone, methylethyl ketone, ethylpropyl ketone, methylheptyl ketone, ethylamyl ketone, dilieptyl ketone, cyclohexanone, etc. The reductive alkylation is effected at a temperature of from about to about 250 C. and a hydrogen pressure of from about 5 to about 200 atmospheres in the presence of a reductive alkylation catalyst. A preferred catalyst comprises a composite of alumina and from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of platinum. Other catalysts include those containing nickel, cobalt, palladium, molybdenum, etc. The reductive alkylation preferably is effected in the presence of an excess of ketone and thus the mol ratio of ketone to amino heterocyclic compound will range from 1.5 :1 and preferably from 2:1 and still more preferably from 2.5:1 to 20:1 or more. When both R and R in the formula hereinbefore set forth are alkyl groups the proportion of ketone preferably is at least 3:1. Here again the final product may be purified by recrystallization from a suitable solvent. It is understood that other aminosubstituted phenoxazines may be prepared in substantially the same manner as hereinbefore described or in any other suitable manner. When the alkyl substituent is of normal configuration, an aldehyde is used in the reductive alkylation. When a tertiary alkyl substituent is desired, a tertiary alcohol is used for alkylation.

Amino-substituted phenothiazine is prepared in any suitable manner. In one method a dinitrochlorobenzene is reacted with o-aminothiophenol preferably in the presence of a suitable solvent as, for example, ethanol and in the presence of a suitable hydrogen chloride acceptor as, for example, sodium acetate. The reaction product which will comprise, for example, 2,4-dinitro-2'-aminodiphenyl sulfide is then subjected to ring closure by heating in the presence of sodium acetate and a suitable solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide. For example, l-nitrophenothiazine was prepared by heating 3,4-dinitro-2'- aminodiphenylsulfide in admixture with sodium acetate and dimethyl sulfoxide at about 90 C. for tive hours under a stream of nitrogen. After cooling and filtering, the recovered solid was washed with hot water and dried. Z-nitrophenothiazine was recovered as a solid and then is subjected to reductive alkylation with a suitable ketone in the manner hereinbefore set forth. In another method this compound is prepared by the fusion of aminodiphenylamine with sulfur.

Similarly, aminsubstituted phenazine is prepared in any suitable manner. In one method it is prepared by heating a mixture of dinitrobenzene, aniline and sodium hydroxide at 140 C. The amino phenazine then is subjected to reductive alkylation in substantially the same manner as hereinbefore set forth. It is understood that any suitable method of preparing these compounds may be used in accordance with the present invention.

As hereinbefore set forth, the product generally is recovered as a solid and may be utilized as such or dissolved in a suitable solvent. Any suitable solvent may be used and will be one which will be satisfactory for use in the organic substance to be stabilized. Thus, for example, when the organic substance is a hydrocarbon, the solvent may comprise an aromatic hydrocarbon including benzene, toluene, xylene, cumene, etc., or mixtures thereof.

The additive of the present invention is incorporated in the organic substance in a concentration suificient to effect the desired stabilization. The specific concentration will depend upon the particular organic substance being stabilized and thus the concentration may be within the range of from about 0.001% to about by weight of the organic substance. In most cases, however, the concentration will be within the range of from about 0.001% to about 25% by weight of the organic substance. In most cases, however, the concentration will be within the range of from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the organic substance.

In many applications it may be advantageous to utilize the additive of the present invention in conjunction with other additives. For example, in the stabilization of plastics, a phenolic antioxidant, particularly 2,6-di-tert-butyl- 4-methyl phenol or 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol may be used. Other phenolic inhibitors or amino type inhibitors also may be used. When used in rubber, it also is desirable to incorporate an antiozonant in the rubber, preferred antiozonants being N,N'-di-sec-octyl-pphenylenediamine, N-phenyl-N'-sec-octyl-p-phenylenediamine, etc.

The additive of the present invention is incorporated in the organic substance in any suitable manner and, when desired, may be premixed with the other additive or additives and the mixture added to the organic substance in one step. When the additive or mixture is to be incorporated into a plastic, resin or the like, it may be added to the hot melt, with stirring, generally in a Banbury mixer, extruder or other device. Incorporation of the additive in a liquid preferably is accompanied by intimate mixing to effect distribution of the additive throughout the liquid. When the additive is added to a multicomponent mixture as, for example, grease, it may be added to one of the components and, in this manner, incorporated into the final mixture or it may be added directly into the final mix.

T he following examples are introduced to illustrate further the novelty and utility of the present invention but not with the intention of unduly limiting the same.

Example I The compound of this example is 3-(N-isopropylamino)-phenoxazine and was prepared as follows. While 2.4- dinitro-2'-hydroxydiphenylamine, for use as a reactant in the above preparation, may be obtained from any suitable N-phenyl-N'-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, 4

8 1 source, it was prepared by rapidly stirring a solution of 1218 g. 120 moles) of o-aminophenol and 185 g. (2.25 moles) of sodium acetate in 2,000 cc. of ethanol. To this solution there was added 405 g. (2.0 moles) of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene over a period of minutes and at a rate to maintain reflux. The mixture was maintained at refluxing conditions (about C.) for two hours after which the reaction mixture was cooled to 10 C. and filtered to give 497 g. of a red-brown solid. The solid was purified by recrystallization from 6600 cc. of ethanol, to yield 351 g. of 2,4-dinitro-2'-hydroxydiphenylamine as a solid having a melting point of 200.5202 C.

Analysis.-Calculated for C H N O C, 52.37%; H, 3.29%; N, 15.27%. Found: C, 52.78%; H, 3.28%; N, 15.27

The 2,4-dinitro-2-hydroxydiphenylamine, prepared in the above manner, was subjected to ring closure by dissolving 206 g. (0.75 mole) thereof in 500 cc. of dimethyl sulfoxide. A slurry of 43 g. (0.75 mole) of sodium methbxide in 200 cc. of dimethyl sulfoxide was added and the mixture was heated at 100 C. for a period of eight hours. Following completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with 1,000 cc. of water and filtered to yield 152 g. of a solid product having a melting point of ZOO-201 C. The product was p rified by recrystallization from acetone to give 3-nitrophenoxazine having a melting point of ZOO-201 C.

Analysis.-Calculated for C H N O C, 63.16%; H, 3.53%; N, 12.27%. Found: C, 63.46%; H, 4.13%; N, 12.61%.

The 3-nitrophenoxazine, prepared in the above maner, was subjected to reductive alkylation with acetone to form 3-(N-isopropylamino)-phenoxazine. The reductive alkylation was etfected by heating 0.25 mole of 3-nitrophenoxazine with 2.5 moles of acetone at C. in the presence of hydrogen and alumina-platinum catalyst. The reductive alkylation product was 3-(N-isopropylamino)-phenoxazinc and was recovered as a solid having a melting point of 131 C.

Analysis-Calculated for C H N O: Basic N, 5.83%. Found: 5.72%.

Example II The compound of this example is 3-(N-cyc1ohexylamino)-phenoxazine and was prepared by the reductive alkylation of 3-nitrophenoxazine, prepared as described in Example I, with eyclohexanone. The reductive alkylation was elfected by heating 0.25 mole of 3-nitro phenoxazine with 2.5 moles of cyclohexanone at 100 C. in the presence of hydrogen and alumina-platinum catalyst. 3-(N-cyclohexylarnino)-phenoxazine was recovered s a solid having a melting point of 153 C.

Analysis-Calculated for C H N O: N, 5.00%. Found: 4.86%.

Example III The compound of this example is 2-(N-isopropylami- .no)-phenothiazine. For use as a reactant in the preparation of this compound, 2,4-dinitro-2-aminodiphenyl sultide was prepared by dissolving 202 g. (1.0 mole) of 2,4- dinitrochlorobenzene and g. (1.2 mole) of o-aminothiophenol in 650 cc. of formula 30 alcohol (mostly ethanol). The mixing was done at room temperature but the temperature rose to 58 C. When the temperature leveled off, 192 g. (1.5 mole) of sodium acetate in incremental portions was added. 1" he temperature rose to 65 C., with the precipitation of an orange solid. The mixture was heated at 60-65 C. for an additional 2.5 hours, after which the mixture was allowed to cool and then was :tiltered and washed with additional formula 30 alcohol and dried. 2,4-dinitro-2'-aminodiphenyl sulfide was recovered as a yellow solid having a melting point of 149- 150 C.

Analysis.Calculated for C H N O S: S, 11.0%. Found: 5, 11.3%.

The 2,4-dinitro-2'-aminodiphenyl sulfide, prepared in the above manner, was subjected to ring closure by dissolving 30 g. (0.1 mole) thereof and 16 g. (0.2 mole) of sodium acetate in 200 cc. of dimethyl sulfoxide, stirring and heating the mixture at 90 C. for five hours under a stream of nitrogen. After cooling, the solid was filtered and the filtrate was denatured with water until solids appeared. The recovered solids were washed with hot water and dried. 2-nitrophenothiazine was recrystallized from formula 30 alcohol to give a violet-black solid having a melting point of 205 C.

Analysis.-Calculated for C I-1 151 5: S, 13.1%. Found: S, 13.3%.

The 2-nitrophenothiazine, prepared in the above manner, was subjected to reductive alkylation with acetone in substantially the same manner as described in Example I. The reductive alkylation produce [2-(N-cyclohexylamino)-phenothiazine] was recovered as a solid.

Example IV The compound of this example is 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)-phenothiazine and is prepared by the reductive alkylation of 2-nitrophenothiazine, prepared as described in Ex- The lubricating oil was evaluated in accordance with an Oxygen Stability Test in which a sample of the lubricating oil is placed in a closed glass container having glass tubes prcjecting therein. One of the glass tubes reaches to the bottom of the container and air is blown therethrough at a rate of 5 liters of air per hour. The container is placed in a bath maintained at 400 F. The sample of lubricating oil is examined after 24 hours for acidity, isooctane insolubles and the change in viscosity. The isooctane insolubles measures the amount of heavier material formed during the test. The change in viscosity also determines deleterious reactions occurring during the test.

For comparative purposes, a sample of the lubricating oil without additive was evaluated in the same manner as the control sample. Another sample of the lubricating oil containing 1% by weight of 3-(N-cyclohexylamino)- phenoxazine was evaluated in the same manner. The results of these evaluations are reported in the following table.

TABLE II v Isooctane Viscosity, Kinematic Run No. Additive Acidity, Insoluhles,

mecL/gin. Percent Before After Percent Change 1 None 0. 033 0.84 13.800 15.660 13.5 2 3 (N-cyclohexylamino) 0.015 0. 27 14. 540 14. 410 l phonoxazine.

ample III, with cyclohexanone. The reductive alkylation is effected using 1 mole proportion of 2-nitrophenothiazine with 3.0 mole proportions of cyclohexanone. The reaction is conducted at a temperature of about 125 'C. in the presence of hydrogen and alumina-platinum catalyst. Following completion of the reaction and separation of the recovered product, 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)-phenothiazine is recovered as a solid.

Example V The compound of this example is 2-(N-isopropylamino)-phenazine and is prepared by the reductive alkylation of Z-nitrophenazine with acetone. The reductive alkylation is effected by heating 1 mole proportion of 2-nitrophenazine with '3 mole proportions of acetone at a temperature of C. in the presence of hydrogen and alumina-platinum catalyst. Following completion of the reaction, the products are separated to recover Z-(N-isopropylamino)-phenazine as a solid product.

Example VI As hereinbefore set forth the compounds of the present invention are used as additives to prevent oxidation of organic substances. In this example, S-N-cyclohexylamino)-phenoxazine, prepared as described in Example II, was utilized as an additive in commercial lubricating oil. A sample of this oil without additive was obtained and is stated to have the following properties.

TABLE I Gravity, API 30.7 Flash, Cleveland open cup, F 390 Firer, Cleveland open cup, F 415 Pour point, F. --10 Viscosity S.U.S.:

At 100 F.

At 210 F. 41

Viscosity index 97.5

From the data in the above table, it will be seen that, after 24 hours of exposure to oxygen at 400 F., the lubricating oil without additive (Run No. 1) underwent oxidative deterioration as indicated by the acidity, percent insolubles and increase in viscosity. On the other hand, the sample of lubricating oil containing the additive (Run No. 2) was stabilized as evidenced by a comparison of the properties set forth above with those of the control sample.

Example VIII A sample of 3-(N-cyclohexylamino)-phenoxazine, prepared as described in Example II, also was evaluated as an additive in a synthetic lubricating oil. The synthetic lubricating oil used in this example is dioctyl sebacate and is marketed commercially under the trade name of Plexol 201. The evaluation was made in a method similar to that described in Example VII. The same type of apparatus was used, in which the lubricating oil was placed in a glass container and maintained at a temperature of 400 'F. with air being blown thereth-rough. In this evaluation the air was blown at a rate of 10 litres of air per hour. The evaluations were continued until the oil reached an acid number of 5.

A sample of the synthetic lubricating oil without additive, when evaluated in the above manner, reached an acid number of 5 in about 9 hours. In contrast, a sample of the synthetic lubricating oil containing about 1% by weight of 3-(N-cyclohexylamino)-phenoxazine did not reach an acid number of 5 until after about 48 hours of evaluation in the above manner.

In addition, coupons of different metals were placed in the glass container in order to determine whether the additive retarded corrosion of metals during the evaluation. The gain in weight of the different metal coupons after exposure to oxygen and heat in the above manner are: copper, 0.0102 g., steel, 0.0064 g., silver, 0.0038 g. and lead, 0.0115 g. From these data it will be seen that the additive was effective in retarding corrosion of the meta Example IX The compounds of the present invention also were evaluated as additives in rubber. The rubber used in this example is a natural rubber tread stock of the following recipe.

.lasaizt TABLE III Components: Parts by weight Smoked sheet .000 Carbon black l5 .0 Stearic acid M) Zinc oxide 13.1 Sulfur 13.5 Santocure 0.75 Additive, when employed 13.0

After curing the ditierent rubber samples were cut into slabs of 6 inches square and 0.075 inch thick. Dumbbell specimens were cut from the slabs and these were sus pended in large covered test tubes. Two long tubes are inserted in the stopper of the test tube, one positioned several inches higher than the other, the latter extending to the bottom of the sample tube. This serves to admit fresh cooler air, while gently replacing the heated air by exhausting the same through the higher tube. This test tube aging procedure corresponds to ASTM D52T.

The following table reports the results of evaluating a sample of the rubber without inhibitor (Run No. 3) and samples of the rubber containing 2% by weight of different additives of the present invention. In Run No. 4, the additive is 3-(N-isopropylamino)-phonoxazine, prepared as described in Example I. In Run No. 5, the additive is 3 (N cyclohexylamino) phenoxazine, prepared as described in Example II. In Run No. 6, the additive is 2 (N isopropylamino) phenothiazine, prepared as described in Example III.

TABLE IV Run Days Modulus, p.s.i. Tensile N0. Additive ilged at strength,

C. 200% 800% u.s.i.

3 None 0 1,605 2. 650 ii. 810 ll 1. 675 L2, 790 .t. 943

4 3-(N-isoproplyamino) 1 phenoxazine. 12 5 3-(N-cycloncxyl- 0 amino) 1 pnenoxazine. 2 6 2-(N'isopropyl- 0 amino) ll p'nenothiazine. :2

From the data in the above table, it will be seen that the additives of the present invention served to retard deterioration of the rubber as evidenced by the higher moduli and the higher tensile strength of the samples containing the additives as compared to the control sample.

Example X The additives of the present invention also were evaluated in the rubber in accordance with Flex-Resistance test ASTM D813-52T. In this method samples of the rubber stock to be tested are prepared in special molds to form specimens 1" by 6" by A", containing semi-circular grooves of 0.095" radius across the width of the sample, equidistant from the ends. The samples are pierced so as to locate a 2 mm. slit in the center of the semi-circular groove and equidistant from each side. These samples are positioned A apart in the jaws of a DeMattia flexing machine, in which the stock is adjusted so that the grips approach each other to a distance of and separate to a distance of 3". The machine operates at a rate of 300 cycles per minute. The width of the crack in the sample was measured after a preselected number of flexes.

In all cases, the additive, when employed, was used in a concentration of 2% by weight. The rubber formulation is the same as described in Example IX. The additives are those prepared according to Examples I, II and III. Representative results of these evaluations are shown in the following table.

From the data in the above table, it will be seen that the growth of the cracks in the samples of rubber con taining the additives was less than in the samples without inhibitor. This demonstrates the property of the additives of the present invention to retard flex cracking of the rubber.

Example XI The compounds of the present invention are used as additives in grease. The additive is incorporated in a concentration of 0.5% by weight in a commercial Mid-Continent lubricating oil having an S.A.E. viscosity of 20. Approximately 92% of the lubricating oil is mixed with approximately 8% of lithium stearate. The mixture is heated to about 230 C. with constant agitation. Subsetluently, the grease is cooled, while agitating to approxi .mately 120 C., and then the grease is further cooled slowly to room temperature.

The stability of the grease is tested in accordance with ASTM D942 method, in which a sample of the grease is placed in a bomb and maintained at a temperature bf 121 C. Oxygen is charged to the bomb, and the time required for a drop of five pounds pressure is taken as the induction period.

A sample of the grease without additive will reach the induction period in about four hours. A sample of the grease containing 2-(N-sec-octylamino)-phenazine, prepared as described in Example VI, will not reach the induction period in more than hours.

I claim as my invention:

1. Organic substance subject to oxidative deterioration containing, as an inhibitor against said deterioration, a stabilizing concentration of an amino-substituted polytzyclic heterocyclic inhibitor of the following general tormula:

- azine.

4. The organic substance of claim 1 being lubricating oil and said inhibitor being 3-(N-cyclohexylamino)-phenoxazine.

.5. The organic substance of claim 1 being rubber and said inhibitor being 3-(N-alkylamino)-phenoxazine.

6. The organic substance of claim 1 being rubber and said inhibitor being 3-(N-cyclohexylamino)-phenoxazine.

7. The organic substance of claim 1 wherein the inhibitor is N-hydrocarbylamino-phenazine.

tReferences on following page) References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 14 OTHER REFERENCES Cole et a1.Am. Chem. Soc. Petroleum Div. Preprint, vol. 1, N0. 4, pp. 102-114 (1956).

Murphy et al.Ind. Eng. Chem, December 1950, pp. 2479 to 2489.

DANIEL E. WYMAN, Primary Examiner.

W. H. CANNON, Assistant Examiner. 

